First edition of one of the most important and controversial works by Erasmus of Rotterdam, marking his decisive rupture with Martin Luther, and a turning point in the Reformation debate on the nature of free will. Written in response to Luthers deterministic theology, particularly his denial of human free choice, Erasmuss Diatribé or Collation on Free Will offers a powerful humanist critique, couched in an objective and irenic tone. The present copy includes several contemporary annotations, including a series of moral and philosophical maxims on honour, speech, and free will on the title page, which draw on classical sources and reflecting the humanist themes central to Erasmuss argument. The anotations on the title page offer a fragmented Latin reflection on pastoral care.
Erasmus had long resisted engaging directly with Luther, aiming instead to reform the Church from within through scholarship and moderate theological discourse. However, by 1524 he felt compelled to respond, in part to maintain credibility with Catholic patrons such as King Henry VIII, to whom he sent an early draft. Though Erasmus claimed to have written the text in just a few days, its composition was in fact the product of extended reflection and preparation. The final version was published by Johann Froben in Basel in early September 1524, as Erasmus wrote to Henry VIII: "the die is cast: the booklet on the free will has seen the light." The work provoked a fierce reply from Luther in his De servo arbitrio (1525), setting the tone for the bitter theological battles that would follow.
With contemporary annotations, on the title page, final page, and in the margins, in 2 different hands, and several underlinings in the text. The work is slightly browned throughout, and lightly water stained on the verso of the title page and final leaf. Otherwise in very good condition. Adams E-595; Bezzel 1263; De Reuck 152; Erasmus Online 428; USTC 630368; Vander Haeghen I, 20; VD 16 E 3147.